Update History

Content

• Major Updates
• Minor Updates

Major Updates

Larger updates here, smaller updates are noted in the section Minor Updates below.

Note: Not all links work since the page structure has changed.

• 9.9. Development and Localization of the Immunity: How the immune system developes during lifetime and how the pathogen exposures induce immune adaptions which are often localized. During childhood SARS-CoV-2 is just another new virus as each virus is encountered once for the first time. With increasing age the immune system increasingly relies on the previously seen pathogens and looses capabilities to handle new viruses.

  Early online due to its relevance for questions such as whether to vaccinate children or to close schools.

  The chapter is part of a bundle of chapters where the immunity regarding virus infections with a focus on SARS-CoV-2 infections is considered (other chapters in work are Acquired Immunity upon SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the wanted and unwanted Effects of the currently available/used vaccines). One goal is to contribute to scientific foundations for rational vaccines recommendations.

• 12.7. How a SARS-CoV-2 variant can have a competition advantage by infecting faster or by immune evasion even without having a higher transmissibility (defined as the average R value): Competition Advantages and Transmissibility.
• 13./14.6. General Chapter on Vaccination
• 12./13.6. Vaccine Safety Questions: Open question and assessment of vaccines safety. It is argued that symptom watching is mostly not enough to ensure safety.

  The chapter is rolling release since healthy and young people and even children are motivated or even pressured to get experimental (neither sufficiently disclosed, nor understood nor investigated) first generation ‘mRNA’ vaccines. Subtle but life-long adverse effects are possibly in theory.

  In temperate climates on the northern hemisphere, there is no need to rush vaccinating the healthy and young.

  Risk groups in risk regions (e.g. countries in the Southern hemisphere) will thank for vaccines now. Later can be to late.

• 9.6. Illustrative Resources: A subjective list of especially helpful, insightful and/or extraordinary Resources.

• 12.5. Aggregation of Atoms page to provide context to topics such as condensation & evaporation and efflorescence.
• 23.3. Temperature and Humidity Modulation is proposed as a topical treatment. It reduces the number of infectious virions and optimize the immune response. There is solid biological and epidemiological evidence that it works if used early on! (explorative)

• 23.3. Proposal of Local Treatments of the Respiratory Tract to cure respiratory infections including Covid. Coronaviruses live on the surface of the respiratory tract and release their progeny as delicate virions to the covering fluids. The idea is to reduce these virions by local treatments. Similar as we disinfect wounds - the medications need to be adapted of course. (explorative)

• Clarifications on Comments and Formulations

  (25.4.21) For conciseness all subjective and off topic remarks are formatted as comment. Sometimes this annotating got forgotten: E.g. in the context of Covid symptoms I mentioned transparency is important, but I also meant overall transparency - marked as comment now. A section on the coronavirus page - with the content that Coronaviruses enter and leave cell preferable from the cell side pointing outwards (apical side) - was titled ‘Orientation matters’ for quite a long time and in the same section I had written McCray & Co instead of McCray et al. Both formulations were because of a ‘cool’ sound and no ambiguity or hints were intended (accordingly the section was not marked as subjective). I acknowledge, that ambiguity was possibly.

  • The word orientation was used in the sense of positioning (google-scholar shows quite a few results with ‘orientation matters’ and most are about physics and also the oxford dictionary lists ‘position’ as the first meaning). However, orientation is used in different contexts and depending on the background, what one thinks when reading ‘orientation’ can vary - in social contexts, orientation is often used to denote attitudes or sexual orientation.
  • McCray & Co does not imply that the research is business focussed (business focussed = showing and interpreting the results to highlight the benefits of a product instead of an unbiased analysis of the topic), it is outstanding and shows a basics principle of betacoronavirus, namely they mostly live on the surfaces and not within tissues.

  In my opinion, orientations in the sense of attitudes should only matter if important for the topic of interest (e.g. sexual orientation usually matters for dating or sport preferences for sport friends).

  For a virus the orientation of a cell is usually not relevant, however it is relevant for coronaviruses infecting the polarized cells in the respiratory tract.

• 1.4. Propelling Spikes: Coronaviruses use their spike proteins as propellors to fly around. Anytime they can move in any direction since their spikes are around the spherical virions. (special note consisting only of this two sentences).
• 18.3. Virion Viability Page in online work (finally!).
  • Virions decay fast in sunlight, soap and disinfectants (the halflife time is a few minutes).
  • From 0 to 40 degrees the decay is faster at increased temperature and depends on the biochemical environment. In saliva, nasal mucus and sputum the halflife time is about 8 hours at 4 degrees and about 2 hours at a room-temperature of 22 degrees, especially at air humidities around 40%. In dry air or high but not very high humidity the decay is slower.
  • Above 45 degrees the decay fastens (doubling about every 2 degrees) due to the spring-loaded proteins (spikes and sometimes N) loosing their structure and thereby the stored energy.
• 13.2. How Coronaviruses overcome Immune System obstacles moved to separate page Immune Evasion.
• 2.2. How Movement helps to produce a good immune response and helps recovering from Covid on the Covid-19 page.

A word of Caution regarding Vaccines

(28.1.21, updated 14.2., checked 27.4.) What worries me most at the moment is the vaccination rushes and races. It is great and an extraordinary achievement to have vaccines and vaccination programs are well organized. It increases the safety and life quality for people at risk for severe Covid-19.

Regarding vaccine recommendations the known and the unknown are important:

• What has been shown for the approved vaccines is, that they efficiently prevent Covid-19 with typical symptoms combined with positive NPS PCR test and severe Covid-19 at tolerable reactogenicity (typical vaccine side effects).
• What is mostly unknown/not investigated/not published are adverse effects such as immune system disorders or long-term effects. Especially in view of vaccinating young people, timely investigations/estimates (long-term) and publishing is needed. Both effects are less a concern for inactivated virus vaccines or other protein based vaccines as long as the adjuvants are harmless (which is not always clear e.g. the safety profile of aluminum is surprisingly unclear despite being in use for 90 years.). For other technologies the effects depend on the exact specifications. RNA vaccines are in general not comparable to protein only vaccines (mRNA vaccines do produce proteins but they thereby often [likely always, to check] mess around with the depths of eukaryotic life. This induces a strong immune response with antibodies, stronger than for proteins alone).
• There are open questions how SARS-CoV-2 infections are changed apart from reducing typical/severe Covid-19: The effects of vaccines on virus shedding, virus evolution (both point mutations and recombination) and changed pathogenesis are mostly unknown/not investigated/unpublished.

An unbiased discussion is missing since many risks ignored and unknown risks are dismissed as not possible. In my opinion, for the time being, the vaccines should be used as the evaluations published show clear benefits: For seronegative and PCR negative people at risk for severe Covid. If it turns out, that the benefits outweigh the risks, summer would be a good time to vaccine many/those not at risk.

Comments on a Word of Caution regarding Vaccines

3./4./5.12.21: Originally I was mainly concerned that RNA transfection could mess with RNAi pathways and pieces could be reverse transcribed, which in turn could e.g. cause immune disorders. Also I had some concerns that replication capable cells are transfected, but I abandoned that until late spring (I recall some non satisfying searches for resources on the cell tropism and then it possibly just got under in the sea of topics to work on, also I got a turbulent life situation. Looking back the life situation boosted creativity but the focus sometimes was lost). Back to RNAi: I did some (re)search and dived into RNAi in insects. I considered it as possible to be a concern due to extensive codon optimization in the transfected RNA which is much more than most viruses adapt to the DNA of their hosts (viruses also to some extent adapt at least the GC content of their hosts, however especially RNA viruses have limits to adapt since there is also strong evolutionary pressure for RNA stability and RNA secondary structure.). At some point I thought I am mostly through for insects: Virus derived RNA is communicated among cells (mainly based on the article “Circulating Immune Cells Mediate a Systemic RNAi-Based Adaptive Antiviral Response in Drosophila” by Tassetto et al). I think at that stage I commented with ‘[in advanced work]’. However I struggled - 1) translating from insects to vertebrates turned out to be not straight forward, 2) I kinda got overwhelmed by all the “astronauts” and piRNA, miRNA, … and 3) it is not that clear under which circumstances RNAi immunity gets triggered in vertebrates and whether the vaccines could activate the possible triggers. I hesitated respectively kept putting off to publish these worrying but highly speculative concerns about reverse transcription for a couple of reasons: 1) each week I thought I will be through with a good argumentation very soon 2) I didn’t want to publish something I mostly guessed but lacked understanding. I prefer to put content online when I have some confidence into the core argumentation. - especially not about a highly sensible topic such as reverse transcription of vaccines. Additionally none of the experts doing great research on RNAi seemed to published concerns - it wasn’t exactly secret that there are “mRNA” vaccines campaigns going on. 3) That RNA in mammals is cut into pieces and shared around in immune cells and then even reverse transcribed to DNA, from which then RNAi is transcribed which then protects to immune cells from virus infections, looks like a landmark result and a great scientific challenge … cov&covid day to day readings kept/keep me busy … I’ll take it up again when I’ve time by then possibly someone already got published a proof so I know whether it works out … Looking back I should have sent my concerns the scientist of the field, I think I do that soon better less late than more late. The possibly great result distracted from what’s actually helpful.

Anyways, I mostly worked on coronaviruses during these months. The ongoing Covid crises (high death counts and often strict and hard to live with measures) in winter and spring 2021 often seemed more pressing (as noted below good alternatives also could eliminate the need for vaccination) than some hypothetical possibility of reverse transcription and it wasn’t even clear if it happens whether it could have adverse effects. From time to time I went back and dived into papers around non structural RNAs and what they do: How the RNA is processed in the cells, how and which immune responses can be triggered, how cells differentiate and the roles of RNA in cellular communication. While I am still unsure about the original concerns about messing up RNAi, these interdisciplinary readings in late spring and early summer 2021 gave rise to the chapter Vaccine Safety Questions.

Since RNAi is central for insect immunity and insects can inherit immune information, it could be that there is a conserved pathway of RNAi inheritance in eukaryotes i.e. reverse transcription of RNA pieces to germ line cells. RNAi is often triggered in long lived cells [to confirm and cite] e.g. flavivirus (such as TBEV, zika, yellow fever, …) infect long-lived cells and trigger an RNAi responses [to cite]. The adaption of RNAi pathways needs to be balanced between protection and cost of interfering with cellular metabolisms by the danger signals perceived [to argue]. How dangerous RNA transfection is classified? What effects the modifications and codon optimization have on triggering RNAi pathways? Do viruses have RNA modifications?

Despite the worries about RNA transfection, I often considered finding an alternative an good way to go - since as long as there wasn’t an alternative, any concerns that weren’t bullet proof - and against a tech for which few technical details are published this is not easy - general critics usually was just ignored or deemed as not rigorous. Also from a scientific viewpoint, to understand coronaviruses what they do and how to tame them, to find a prevention and/or treatment which is known to be safe seemed to be easier than accurately judging the safety of RNA transfection.

• 22.12.-23.1. Diagnosis and Viral Load (before 18.1. on the Covid19 page).
  • Repeated morning saliva and sputum have a reliable viral load which predicts the disease progression.
  • Nose swabs have a detection rate of about 60% and the viral load does not predict disease progression.
  • Experiences from HongKong (Summary Wong) and an investigation from Dubai Summary Senok.
• 24.11. New Page on Economics: The proposal is to provide universal capital services (e.g. credits) instead of providing targeted support in different situations/crisis (e.g. the current Covid situation). Goals are:
  • Everyone in need can redesign and reorganize their (economic) life in any situation.
  • Making the economic system more fair in the sense that everyone has the opportunity to choose the economic way of life.
• 1.11. Strategy and On Numbers sections, where I give my point of view how to tackle Covid and for actions at different incidence levels.
• 28.10. (only summaries available) Early results from Spread Analyses show that the Covid-19 transmission probability increases with the amount of air exchanged between people. Air exchange is high when indoors (either heated or air-conditioned) and at increased breathing (high altitude, sport, singing). This strongly indicates that aerosol transmission plays a key role. Thus good ventilation, less populated and good and clean mask help indoors and being outdoors with some distance is safe.

  During the summer droplet transmission seemed most important, because of Covid-19 waves in regions where the sun was high combined with some research indicating that aerosol transmission is rare in humid and warm settings. Steep increase in Europa as climate cooled in October 2020 combined with extensive droplet preventions in place questioned the dominance of droplet transmission. Reconsideration and a detailed look show: The Covid waves, when the sun is high, occurred/occur either in hot areas and are well explained by air-conditioning or by high altitude:

  • Air-conditioning: Brazil, Middle East and Southern US (in California noteworthy is the difference between hot Los Angeles and temperate San Francisco)
  • High altitudes which means cold nights and increased breathing: La Paz in Bolivia, Quito in Ecuador and Bogota in Columbia or at high altitude combined with heat: Mexico City and currently (28.10.) in Kenya.
• 25.10. New page Spread Analyses in work: Observations and analysis how Covid-19 spreads in different settings.
• 5.10./6.10. moved from literal single-page (all content in index.md) to multiple pages. Pages including short description are in the in the content.

  Even though I liked the single page version since it acknowledges the connections, multi-page is simpler to read & manage and helps to make the topics as self-contained as possible.

• 21.9. new section Backtracing Sars-CoV-1/2
• 30.7. Updates and corrections across the page in work/in the process of writing down:
  • I wrongly ignored upper respiratory infections for a long time (because most hospitalized/severe cases were/are in the lungs) -> Disease patterns
  • In the first months Sars-CoV-2 didn’t have the ability to spread well in humid climate. This has changed: the currently circulating strains spread well in humid climate too.
• 27.7. Disease pattering
• 29.4/3.5. Reordering of content and new Sections ‘Coronaviruses with a Focus on Sars-CoV-2’ and ‘Immune Protection with a Focus on Coronaviruses’
• 17.4.20 00:04 GMT New section online: Evidence for Increased Immune Protection against Sars-CoV-2 from Exposure to BCoVs
• 4.4.20 Added Section Ideas to Explore
  • starting with Early On Ventilators: Increase the mucus flow and clearance by humidified air early on, to decrease the risk for developing ARDS.
• 25-30.3/9.4.20: Corrected and looked up aerosol/particulate inhalation which yields to the new section Particles in the Respiratory Tract. In the first version, I had written that aerosols don’t enter the lungs. False. Aerosols DO enter the lungs. The train of thought yielding this mistake: Entering the lungs is halfway entering the body. So there must have been enough evolutionary pressure to prevent this. This is double triple wrong:
  1. The evolutionary roots of the lungs are the alimentary system (some dozens millions of generations ago), so substances coming in were just cleared down. Even as the lungs and the alimentary separated this process stayed. As we often do too, evolution usually gradually bends things right, rather than rebuilding from scratch.
  2. The lungs developed before we were upright (just a couple of hundred thousand generations ago) and in the original case the clearance of aerosols is earlier and better; shown for mice in Kleinstreuer. Ciliate based movement works even uphill, as ski tourers know. But there are limits. A gradual adaption evolved first, the oscillation frequency of the cilia increased, but wasn’t yet enough so a workaround evolved: smallest particulates are cleared by macrophages [citation to be added].
  3. Upright clearance evolved when we all were in warm and mostly humid parts of Africa (well it likely got a little drier in the winter months and savanna replaced rainforest in East Africa, so we had motivation to stand up more and more). In such humid environments, clearance works better. In evolutionary dimensions, there has been only a short time for the adaption to cold and dry climate (how much depends on the overall drive for adaption, which isn’t straight forward to say since migration routes have twists, crossings and turns, desert nights tend to be cold around the world and lifestyles were and are different). To a permanent stay in heated indoor spaces, there has been and no genetic adaption at all.

Minor Updates

• 9.12. Individual Susceptibility and Transmission updates in work, for example added some observations on the effects of vaccine on transmission once infected.
• 7.12.(adapted 21.12.) Thanks @open science is noted already for long. Now it is time for thanks @webtechs. Special thanks @Github/Microsoft & @Gmail & @runbox for reliable web services. Thanks @everybody helping.
• 7.12. Updated Table of Content.
• 2.12. Clarifications across page and added a section Legal Considerations on Vaccine Mandates
• 25.11.- 1.12. Updated the chapter Diagnosis and Viral Load and added a section on the viral load kinetics. The viral load at the different location varies during the disease. As detection methods have a lower limit of detection, the detection rates by various detection methods varies through the disease course. E.g. for nose samples the viral load usually peak around symptom onset and accordingly the detection rate is high at this time point, often above 90%. NPS samples taken before the viral load peak or after, or taken from asymptomatic cases where the viral loads tends to be lower the detection decreases.
• 14./15.11.: Fixed some mistakes. E.g. in immuno assyas, some scrolling error, many spelling mistakes. Clarifications in viruses and coronaviruses (ongoing work).
• 13.-15.11.: Formulations. Some formulations changed back and forth.

  When rules restrict individuals based on R values or even without medical basis - both is in general firmly opposed on this page -, conciseness and directness are the focus.

• 12.11.: Updates across the page, for example: added pictures to Diagnosis and Viral Load.
• 12.9.: Development and Localization of the Immunity clarified and extended.
• 9.9. Many small changes across the page and a new chapter added: Recent Topics added.
• 5.9.: New brainstorming Chapter on Air Quality. How to measure, achieve and certify the air quality.
• 1.9.: Added some references that a lifestyle movement helps to prevent severe Covid.
• 27.8.: New Accompanying Page which contains situations estimates/analyses for Switzerland: https://forestgrape.github.io/corona-ch/ (Page in German)
• 27.8.: Section Outdoors is Safer on the controlling page clarified.
• 24.8.: General notes on data handling moved to its own page Data (previously section on monitoring.md or scattered remarks).
• 24.8.: A new page Situation Assessments grouping the previously scattered situation assessments.
• 22.8.: Many updates and clarifications across the page. E.g.
  • updated and extend the Immune System Page and renamed it to Concepts of Immunology.
  • updates on the Controlling Page and added section with measures recommendations
• 6.8.: Competition Advantages and Transmissibility: Clarifications and added examples of faster (alpha, delta)/immune evasion variants (beta, delta).
• 6.8.: Various updates across the page
• 26.7.: Section Transmission Distribution on the Spread Analyses Page extended: The SARS-CoV-2 spread is highly individual and depends on the behavior, physiological factors and socioeconomic conditions.
• 26.7.: Vaccine Safety chapter updated, clarified and extended.
• 26.7.: Formulations and clarifications across the page e.g. the sections Competition Advantages and Transmissibility, Monitoring and Immune Evasion
• 12.7.: Immune Evasion generalized and added how coronaviruses can evade neutralizing antibodies by reducing the exposure time (virions spikes primed faster) or entirely circumvent the virions phase by cell-cell fusion (Escape Neutralizing Antibodies)
• 21.6.: Redefined Immune System: The immune system is now defined as controlling life-forms interactions such they agree with the homeostasis (body balance). Usually the interactions are adapted or sometimes reduced such that the interactions are favorable or at least not relevantly adverse.
• 13.6. Split up Questions on Vaccines into Safety Questions and Vaccination Effects on Infection
• 10.6. Added in notes on reading that referencing is always welcome.
• 8.6./9.6. Clarifications and reordering across the page. On the Controlling Page added a section Balancing of Measures and the previous Balance section renamed to On Balancing of Measures.
• 28.5.- 3.6.
  • Formulations and clarifications across the page.
  • Chapter Life on Earth in rework.
• 25.5. Spread Analysis for Africa in online work.
• 23.5. Controlling Page: Notes about the Seasonability of Transmission and Looking Ahead in online work.
• 23.5. Added note that English wikipedia, encyclopedia britannica and the oxford dictionary are frequently consulted but not specially cited (currently) ( -> Comment on References in Notes on Reading).
• 18.5. Spread analyses refined.
• 16.5. (commits 13.5. through 16.5.)
  • Spread analyses: Added per regions analyses e.g. in Europe, US, India.
  • Masks: Added ‘Tips & Tricks’ section and added fold type mask to personal mask preferences.
  • Clarified controlling page.
  • Some notes about deliquescence and clarifications on the atom aggregation page.
• 12.5. (commits 27.4. through 12.5.) Spread Analyses
  • Bundling of content (Previously spread analysis topics were partly scattered e.g. the Dry Form Model contained spread descriptions.)
  • Emphasized importance of good health (healthy lifestyles including sport and avoiding/reducing air pollution)
  • Most severe Cases are observed in setting with dry air (heated, ACs or dry outdoor air).

• 12.5. Many formulations and clarifications across the page. For clarity, all formulations (including comments) are not intended ambiguous and if they are it’s by mistake. In face-to-face conversations ambiguity can work, but not on a page like this I realized. -> Notes on Comments.

• 27.4. Clarified Note on Comments. Added note that unfitting formulations occur and are improved upon discovery in the section Notes on Reading.

• 25.4. Page coronaviruses separated into the pages:
  • Life Forms. Principles and concepts of life on earth.
  • Viruses. What viruses are and what they can do and do.
  • Coronaviruses. Life cycle, distinguishing features and capabilities of coronaviruses.
  • Motion How life form move or get moved to cross distances.
• 1.4. - 25.4. Formulations across the pages. E.g. added note that allowing and promoting outdoor activities often not only reduces the burden of Covid measures but often also help reducing severe Covid cases since less time is spent indoors and the lifestyles are healthier. Specified support for closed businesses.
• 29.3. Navigation bar with table of contents added. Layout adaptions to place the navbar.
• 24.3. Regrouping content into (currently) 8 topics both as files on github and content on github pages.
• 23.3. Clarified summary for Virion Viability. A table with compiled data from viability experiments is online.
• 22.3. Spread Assumptions section on the controlling page added. Formulations across the page.
• 17.2. Masks now on separate page (moved from controlling). Added section about Personal Mask Preferences
• 11.2. Corrected mistakes (T Cell Training) on the Immune System page and added/completed section how SARS-2 overcomes antibodies.
• 2.2. Many small updates and clarifications across the page. E.g. added the importance of ventilation of stairwells in large buildings on the Controlling page.
• 17.1. Respelled Salvia to Saliva.
• 22.12. Covid-19 redone. New sections about Diagnosis and Viral Load in online work - salvia saliva has a similar sensitivity as nose samples.
• 30.11. Corona Conform Skiing on the page Controlling

  Motivated by current discussions and recent personal experience.

• 22.12. split up the page monitor_and_control.md into two pages monitoring.md and controlling.md
• 22.12. section Coronavirus Disease Pattering moved from the section Ideas to Explore to its own page ideas_to_explore/Coronavirus Disease Pattering
• 9.11. Formulations corrected and improved.

  I spend more time on reading and analyzing than on formulations and proof reading. Although I try, sometimes words are not weighted carefully and it can take a couple of days to discover & improve unworldly formulations.

• 7.11. Updates in Spread Analyses in work:
  • Infector Distribution: 20% of infected were responsible for 80% of the transmissions detected by the contact tracing in Hong Kong.
  • Section on Pre-symptomatic Infectors in work
• 6.11. Renamed “Monitor Failure” to Estimates Out of Bounds. Case numbers are case numbers and not estimates.

  Mainly I was shocked by the very steep increase of deaths and still am [analyses in work]. Even though I spent/d a lot of time learning to analyse.

• 5./6.11. Updates in Spread Analyses in online work:
  • Evidence for super-spreader events at large scale sporting events with spectators. Evidence: 1) players are more frequently infected in regions with spectators and 2) there seem to be increased infection rates in the stadiums catchment areas.

    Not proven yet but evidence strong enough that risk regions should stop allowing large scale events even with protection measures. As of 4./5.11. there still seem to be football matches with many thousand spectators.

  • Sections about observed spreading events in food production factories and airplanes.
• 31.10. Detect Monitor Out of Bounds in the extended section Monitor Prevalence describes how to check estimates in the past: The current death rate multiplied by 400 (inverse fatality) should be about the case estimated a few weeks ago.
• 24.10. Completed & added & linked summaries regarding insects for the section Backtracing SARS-1/2

• 24.10. Part of the early-online-updates (16.10.) is a note about corona conform schooling which needed correction: Pupils are not likely to play a major role in the past and current Covid spread while protection measures are in place.

• 20-23.10. Clarifications and corrections across the page with a focus on the sections Transmission, Immune System and Coronaviruses.
• 18.10. Reconsidering Mask Types and aerosol protection: Only high filtration mask reliably prevent the spread of aerosols. Various sections are updated accordingly and existing comments emphasized (Summary airborne transmission). More on the topic in work.
• 16.10. Monitor Prevalence and testing priorities
• 15./16.10. Early Online Update for the sections Protection Measures and Transmission in online work. Due to steep increase of cases in Europe and new pieces of evidence regarding transmission.

  The steep increases despite protection measures in place is noteworthy, since it indicates many hidden/undetected cases.

• 10./14.10. References to section ‘Backtracing SARS-like’ re-added. The references are found in the article Hypotheses about Nidovirales
• 8.-13. 10. Public Advice and Suggestions renamed to Public/General Suggestions and Thoughts and adapted
• 3.8. Airborne Transmission section added
• 7.7. 7 Storage options to memorize metabolism on the Coronaviruses page
• 2.7. Mask section redone and grouped into it mask related comments scattered throughout the page
• 12.6. sections in online work on the tropism of Covid-19 and Sars-Cov-2 (github branch)
• 12.5. added note that outdoors is safer
• 1.5.- 9.5. Formulations in Monitor, Exposure to BCoVs and Coronavirus sections
• 30.4. Regrouped and extended topic on measures and data into a new section Thoughts on Monitor and Controlling Sars-CoV-2
• 28.4. Short note to support public health in the data section
• 25.4. Data availability section
• 20.4.20 Section cross protections: Human infection by BCoVs has been observed.
• 18.4. Added section data availability
• 10.4.20 Added section Habitat of betacoronaviruses and combined with/reordered sections in Evidence from Biological Properties
• 9.4.20 Started section Covid-19
• 9.4.20 Extended section Prevent Early On Mucus Accumulations, previously named Early On Ventilators
• 5.4.20 Clarified Early On Ventilators section and added more ref // renamed to Early Increase the Mucus Flow
• 4.4.20 Updated section evidence from spread patterns (Cruise Ship)
• 27.3.-4.4.20: Public Advice extended and clarified.
• 2.4.20 Short notice about masks.