Illustrative Resources
Illustrative Resources
Especially Illustrative, Insightful, Helpful and,or Extraordinary Literature
Content
Introduction
A subjective collection of literature which provides insights to understand coronaviruses and their diseases.
- “Highlighted” is a subjective picking of topics discussed in the paper.
- “Usage Here” denotes where on this betacoronavirus page the references are used.
Respiratory Viruses
Jia 2005
H Jia, et al ACE2 Receptor Expression and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection Depend on Differentiation of Human Airway Epithelia
https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005
Highlighted
- The ACE2 receptor is expressed on ciliated epithelial cells. This differentiation is dynamic and is lost when submerged.
- According to the ACE2 expression, Sars-Cov-1 infects mainly well differentiated ciliated airway epithelia cells. // Differentiated cells in the airways have a fast renewal time which makes longer lasting adverse effects or even permanent damage very unlikely for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the airways (except for severe cases and/or when the immune system fails other cells can get infected)
- Sars-Cov-1 virions are mainly released on the apical cell side. //-> the SARS viruses live on the surface of respiratory tract and not within tissues.
Usage Here
Summary and full citation on the coronavirus page, where this paper provides insight to Respiratory Tract Tropism of Coronaviruses
Bertram 2012
Bertram S, et al. (2012) Influenza and SARS-Coronavirus Activating Proteases TMPRSS2 and HAT Are Expressed at Multiple Sites in Human Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0035876
Highlighted
The paper describes and compares infectable locations for the SARS coronavirus and influenza. It shows the distribution of frequently used entry receptors (influenza: 2,6-linked sialic acids and SARS: ACE2) and frequently used activation proteases (influenza: HAT, TMPRSS2 and SARS: TMPRSS2). E.g. influenza can infect the vocal folds and thus can cause horse voice while SARS-CoV-1 (//and SARS-2) do not.
Usage Here
Referenced in the chapter Disease Pattering which relies on the possible infection locations of SARS-like.
Transmission
Aerosol-FAQ
FAQs on Protecting Yourself from COVID-19 Aerosol Transmission https://tinyurl.com/FAQ-aerosols Version: 1.87, 9-Dec-2020
- Illustrative and readable description of aerosol transmission.
- Practical measures and tips how to protect from aerosol transmission.
- Written by renowned aerosol experts to inform and design protection measures in the US.
Usage Here
Similar tips are in the chapter Suggestions and Tips and in the spread assumptions on the controlling page.
I came across the faq when reading the references of a CO2 sensor usage recommendation from the Swiss Covid taskforce.
Yan 2018
Jing Yan, et al Aerosol shedding of infectious influenza virus
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1716561115
Highlighted
- “Our observations suggest that influenza infection in the upper and lower airways are compartmentalized and independent.”
- Nasal swabs are not a good predicator for aerosol shedding.
- Lower respiratory tract symptoms tend to indicate higher RNA shedding via aerosol.
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Intriguingly symptomatic patients infected with influenza A, have about the same nasal viral load as unvaccinated but the vaccinated shed several times more viral RNA with fine aerosol than unvaccinated. On the other hand for influenza B nasal viral load and the shedding are not much different between vaccinated and unvaccinated.
Similar investigations (more than one and with different strains!) would be very helpful for Covid.
- To better understand viral shedding and transmission.
- Whether to motivate healthy and young to get vaccinated i.e. whether aerosol shedding is reduced or increased (!) in vaccinated people.
Usage Here
- The chapter Disease Pattering hypotheses the same for compartmentalization for coronavirus infections.
- A Summary and Reference on the transmission page.
Boast 2020-2021
Boast A, Munro A, Goldstein H. An evidence summary of Paediatric COVID-19 literature, Don’t Forget the Bubbles, 2020. https://doi.org/10.31440/DFTB.24063
Highlighted
- An overview of the Covid spread in schools and children which has rolling updates.
- Concise summaries of many investigations of the spread in schools.
- Children are less infectious than adults and no super spreading is observed for children
- adults in school settings yield more secondary cases than children //despite children tend to have closer contact
- hardly any clusters among pupils are observed